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and
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, from 1866-1934.
Mecklenburg (
Low German:
Mekelnborg) is a region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal state
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are
Rostock,
Schwerin, and Neubrandenburg.
The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named "Mikilenburg" (Old German: "big castle"), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. It was the ancestral seat of the
House of Mecklenburg and for a time divided into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and
Mecklenburg-Strelitz among the same dynasty.
Linguistically Mecklenburgers retain many features of the
plattdeutsch, or
Low German dialect or language.
Geography
Mecklenburg is known for its mostly flat countryside. Much of the terrain forms a morass, with ponds, marshes and fields as common features, with small forests interspersed. The terrain changes as one moves north towards the
Baltic Sea.
Under the peat of Mecklenburg are sometimes found deposits of ancient lava flows. Traditionally, at least in the countryside, the stone from these flows is cut and used in the construction of homes, often in joint use with cement, brick and wood, forming a unique look to the exterior of country houses.
Mecklenburg has productive farming, but the land is most suitable for grazing purposes. Nonetheless Mecklenburg is a relatively poor region of Germany with a rate of unemployment from 20-25%; traditionally Mecklenburg has been one of the poorer German areas. The area has seen an increase in tourism, particularly with regard to the beaches at the Baltic Sea, Isle of
Rügen, the Mecklenburg Lakeland (
Mecklenburgische Seenplatte), the Mecklenburg Switzerland (
Mecklenburgische Schweiz) with its pristine nature, and the old Hanseatic League towns well known for the famous
Brick Gothic churches.
History
Early history
Mecklenburg is the site of many prehistoric
dolmen tombs. Its earliest organised inhabitants may have had Celtic origins. By no later than 100 BC the area had been populated by pre-Christian
Germanic peoples.
The traditional symbol of Mecklenburg, the grinning
steer's head (
stierkopf in German), with an attached hide, and a crown above, may have originated from this period. It represents what early peoples would have worn, i.e. a steers's head as a hat, with the hide hanging down the back to protect the neck from the sun, and overall as a way to instill fear in the enemy.
From the 7th through the 12th centuries, the area of Mecklenburg was taken over by Western Slavic peoples, most notably the
Obotrites and other tribes that Frankish sources referred to as "
Wends". The 11th century founder of the Mecklenburgian dynasty of Dukes and later
Grand Dukes, which lasted until 1918, was Nyklot of the Obotrites.
In the late 12th century,
Henry the Lion, Duke of Lower Saxony, conquered the region, subjugated its local lords, and
Christianization its people, in a precursor to the
Northern Crusades. From 12th to 14th century, large numbers of Germans and Flames settled the area (
Ostsiedlung), importing German law and improved agricultural techniques. The
Wends who survived all warfare and devastation of the centuries before, including invasions of and expeditions into
Saxony,
Denmark and Liutizic areas as well as internal conflicts, were assimilated the centuries thereafter. However, elements of certain names and words used in Mecklenburg speak to the lingering Slavic influence. An example would be the city of Schwerin, which was originally called
Zuarin in the Slavic. Another example is town of
Bresegard, the 'gard' portion of the town name derives from the Slavic word 'grad' , meaning city or town.
Since the 12th century, the territory has remained stable and relatively independent of its neighbours; one of the few German territories for which this is true. During the reformation the Duke in Schwerin would convert to Protestantism and so would follow the Duchy of Mecklenburg.
History, 1621-1933
Like many German territories, Mecklenburg was sometimes partitioned and re-partitioned among different members of the ruling dynasty. In
1621 it was divided into the two duchies of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Güstrow. With the extinction of the Güstrow line in 1701, the Güstrow lands were redivided, part going to the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and part going to the new line of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
In
1815, the two Mecklenburgian duchies were raised to
Grand Duchy, and subsequently existed separately as such in Germany under enlightened but absolute feudal rule (constitutions being granted on the eve of
World War I) until the German Revolution. Life in the semi-feudal Mecklenburg could be quite harsh. Practices such as having to ask for permission from the Grand Duke to get married, or having to apply for permission to emigrate, would linger late into the history of Mecklenburg (i.e. 1918), long after such practices had been abandoned in other German areas. Even as late as the later half of the nineteenth century the Grand Duke personally owned half of the countryside. The last Duke abdicated in 1918, as monarchies fell throughout Europe. The Duke's ruling house reigned in Mecklenburg uninterrupted (except for two years) from its incorporation into the Holy Roman Empire until 1918. From 1918 to 1933, the duchies were free states in the
Weimar Republic.
Traditionally Mecklenburg has always been one of the poorer German areas, and later the poorer of the provinces, or Länder, within a unified Germany. The reasons for this may be varied, but one factor stands out: agriculturally the land is poor and can not produce at the same level as other parts of Germany. The two Mecklenburgs made attempts at being independent states after 1918, but eventually this failed as their dependence on the rest of the German lands became apparent.
History since 1934
After three centuries of partition, Mecklenburg was united in 1934 by the
Nazism government. The
Wehrmacht assigned Mecklenburg and Pomerania to
Wehrkreis II under the command of
General der Infanterie Werner Kienitz, with the headquarters at Stettin. Mecklenburg was assigned to an Area headquartered at Schwerin, which was responsible for military units in Schwerin; Rostock; Parchim; and Neustrelitz.
After
World War II, the Soviet government occupying eastern Germany merged Mecklenburg with the smaller neighbouring region of
Vorpommern (German
Vorpommern) to form the
States of Germany of
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (German
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Mecklenburg contributed about two-thirds of the geographical size of the new state and the majority of its population. (The Soviets changed the name from "Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania" back to "Mecklenburg" in 1947.)
In
1952, the East German government ended the independent existence of Mecklenburg, creating 3 districts ("Bezirke") out of its territory: Rostock, Schwerin and Neubrandenburg.
During German reunification in 1990, the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was revived, and is now one of the 16 states of the
Federal Republic of Germany. In this process the remnant of Pomerania not stripped from Germany and handed over to the Poles was attached to Mecklenburg.
Coat of arms of the duchies of Mecklenburg
The
House of Mecklenburg was founded by Niklot, prince of the Obotrites, Chizzini and Circipani on the Baltic See, who died in 1160. His Christian progeny was recognized as prince of the
Holy Roman Empire 1170 and Duke of Mecklenburg 8 July 1348. On 27 February 1658 the ducal house divided in two branches: Mecklenburg-Schwerin and
Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
The flag of both Mecklenburg duchies is traditionally made of the colours blue, yellow and red. The sequence however changed more than once in the past 300 years. In
1813 the duchies used yellow-red-blue. 23 December 1863 for Schwerin and 4 January 1864 for Strelitz blue-yellow-red was ordered.(Ströhl,
Deutsche Wappenrolle, Stuttgart, 1897, p. 89) Mecklenburg-Schwerin however used white instead of yellow for flags on sea by law of 24 March 1855.(Ströhl, 86)
Siebmachers Wappenbuch gives therefore (?) blue-white-red for Schwerin and blue-yellow-red for Strelitz.
Siebmachers Wappenbuch (Nurenberg, 1878)According to this source, the grand ducal house of Schwerin used a flag of 3.75 to 5.625 M with the middle arms on a white quadrant (1.75 M) in the middle.
The middle arms show the shield of Mecklenburg as arranged in the seventeenth century. The county of Schwerin in the middle and in the quartering Mecklenburg (bull's head with hide),
Rostock (
griffin), principality of Schwerin (griffin and green rectangle),
Ratzeburg (crown over gross), Stargard (hand holding ring) and
Wenden (principality) (bull's head). The shield is held by a bull and a griffin and bears a royal crown.
The dukes of Strelitz used according to Siebmachers the blue-yellow-red flag with just the (oval) shield of Mecklenburg in the yellow band.
Ströhl in 1897 and Bulgaria,
Berühmte Fahnen Deutscher Geschichte (Dresden, 1922) show another arrangement: The grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin flows a flag (4:5) with the arms of the figures from the shield of arms.
The former Schwerin standard with the white quadrant is now ascribed to the grand dukes of Strelitz.Ströhl mentions a flag for the grand ducal house by law of 23 December 1863 with the middle arms in the yellow band. And he mentions a special sea flag, the same but with a white middle band.'Berühmte Fahnen' shows furthermore a standard for grand duchess Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, princess of
Hannover (1882-1963), showing her shield and that of Mecklenburg joined by the order of the Wendic Crown in a white oval. On sea the yellow band in her flag was of cause white.The princes (dukes) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin had according to this source their own standard, showing the griffin of Rostock.
Notable Mecklenburgers
- Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian army leader
- Jan Ullrich, cyclist
- Gottlob Frege, logician
- Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Müller, Australian botanist
- Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer
- Heinrich Schliemann, classical archaeologist
- Johannes Gillhoff, teacher, author of book on Mecklenburg emigrants to the USA
- Daniel Eggers, nationalist folk-singer
- Fritz Reuter, poet and novelist
- Ludwig Jacoby, (1913-1874), born in Altstrelitz, a Moravian Church clergyman, missionary to St. Louis, Missouri, and author.
References
See also
External links
- Government portal of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
- Map of Mecklenburg in 1871
- Map of Mecklenburg in 1789
and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, from 1866-1934.
Mecklenburg (
Low German:
Mekelnborg) is a region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are Rostock,
Schwerin, and
Neubrandenburg.
The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named "Mikilenburg" (Old German: "big castle"), located between the cities of Schwerin and
Wismar. It was the ancestral seat of the
House of Mecklenburg and for a time divided into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz among the same dynasty.
Linguistically Mecklenburgers retain many features of the
plattdeutsch, or Low German dialect or language.
Geography
Mecklenburg is known for its mostly flat countryside. Much of the terrain forms a morass, with ponds, marshes and fields as common features, with small forests interspersed. The terrain changes as one moves north towards the
Baltic Sea.
Under the peat of Mecklenburg are sometimes found deposits of ancient lava flows. Traditionally, at least in the countryside, the stone from these flows is cut and used in the construction of homes, often in joint use with cement, brick and wood, forming a unique look to the exterior of country houses.
Mecklenburg has productive farming, but the land is most suitable for grazing purposes. Nonetheless Mecklenburg is a relatively poor region of Germany with a rate of unemployment from 20-25%; traditionally Mecklenburg has been one of the poorer German areas. The area has seen an increase in tourism, particularly with regard to the beaches at the Baltic Sea, Isle of Rügen, the Mecklenburg Lakeland (
Mecklenburgische Seenplatte), the Mecklenburg Switzerland (
Mecklenburgische Schweiz) with its pristine nature, and the old Hanseatic League towns well known for the famous Brick Gothic churches.
History
Early history
Mecklenburg is the site of many prehistoric
dolmen tombs. Its earliest organised inhabitants may have had Celtic origins. By no later than 100 BC the area had been populated by pre-Christian
Germanic peoples.
The traditional symbol of Mecklenburg, the grinning
steer's head (
stierkopf in German), with an attached hide, and a crown above, may have originated from this period. It represents what early peoples would have worn, i.e. a steers's head as a hat, with the hide hanging down the back to protect the neck from the sun, and overall as a way to instill fear in the enemy.
From the 7th through the 12th centuries, the area of Mecklenburg was taken over by Western Slavic peoples, most notably the
Obotrites and other tribes that Frankish sources referred to as "
Wends". The 11th century founder of the Mecklenburgian dynasty of
Dukes and later
Grand Dukes, which lasted until 1918, was Nyklot of the Obotrites.
In the late 12th century, Henry the Lion, Duke of
Lower Saxony, conquered the region, subjugated its local lords, and
Christianization its people, in a precursor to the Northern Crusades. From 12th to 14th century, large numbers of Germans and Flames settled the area (
Ostsiedlung), importing German law and improved agricultural techniques. The
Wends who survived all warfare and devastation of the centuries before, including invasions of and expeditions into
Saxony,
Denmark and Liutizic areas as well as internal conflicts, were assimilated the centuries thereafter. However, elements of certain names and words used in Mecklenburg speak to the lingering Slavic influence. An example would be the city of Schwerin, which was originally called
Zuarin in the Slavic. Another example is town of
Bresegard, the 'gard' portion of the town name derives from the Slavic word 'grad' , meaning city or town.
Since the 12th century, the territory has remained stable and relatively independent of its neighbours; one of the few German territories for which this is true. During the reformation the Duke in Schwerin would convert to Protestantism and so would follow the Duchy of Mecklenburg.
History, 1621-1933
Like many German territories, Mecklenburg was sometimes partitioned and re-partitioned among different members of the ruling dynasty. In
1621 it was divided into the two duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Güstrow. With the extinction of the Güstrow line in 1701, the Güstrow lands were redivided, part going to the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and part going to the new line of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
In
1815, the two Mecklenburgian duchies were raised to
Grand Duchy, and subsequently existed separately as such in Germany under enlightened but absolute feudal rule (constitutions being granted on the eve of World War I) until the German Revolution. Life in the semi-feudal Mecklenburg could be quite harsh. Practices such as having to ask for permission from the Grand Duke to get married, or having to apply for permission to emigrate, would linger late into the history of Mecklenburg (i.e. 1918), long after such practices had been abandoned in other German areas. Even as late as the later half of the nineteenth century the Grand Duke personally owned half of the countryside. The last Duke abdicated in 1918, as monarchies fell throughout Europe. The Duke's ruling house reigned in Mecklenburg uninterrupted (except for two years) from its incorporation into the Holy Roman Empire until 1918. From 1918 to 1933, the duchies were free states in the Weimar Republic.
Traditionally Mecklenburg has always been one of the poorer German areas, and later the poorer of the provinces, or Länder, within a unified Germany. The reasons for this may be varied, but one factor stands out: agriculturally the land is poor and can not produce at the same level as other parts of Germany. The two Mecklenburgs made attempts at being independent states after 1918, but eventually this failed as their dependence on the rest of the German lands became apparent.
History since 1934
After three centuries of partition, Mecklenburg was united in 1934 by the
Nazism government. The Wehrmacht assigned Mecklenburg and
Pomerania to Wehrkreis II under the command of
General der Infanterie Werner Kienitz, with the headquarters at
Stettin. Mecklenburg was assigned to an Area headquartered at Schwerin, which was responsible for military units in Schwerin; Rostock;
Parchim; and Neustrelitz.
After
World War II, the Soviet government occupying eastern Germany merged Mecklenburg with the smaller neighbouring region of
Vorpommern (German
Vorpommern) to form the States of Germany of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (German
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Mecklenburg contributed about two-thirds of the geographical size of the new state and the majority of its population. (The Soviets changed the name from "Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania" back to "Mecklenburg" in 1947.)
In 1952, the East German government ended the independent existence of Mecklenburg, creating 3 districts ("Bezirke") out of its territory: Rostock, Schwerin and Neubrandenburg.
During
German reunification in 1990, the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was revived, and is now one of the 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany. In this process the remnant of Pomerania not stripped from Germany and handed over to the Poles was attached to Mecklenburg.
Coat of arms of the duchies of Mecklenburg
The
House of Mecklenburg was founded by
Niklot, prince of the
Obotrites,
Chizzini and Circipani on the Baltic See, who died in
1160. His Christian progeny was recognized as prince of the
Holy Roman Empire 1170 and
Duke of Mecklenburg 8 July 1348. On 27 February 1658 the ducal house divided in two branches: Mecklenburg-Schwerin and
Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
The flag of both Mecklenburg duchies is traditionally made of the colours blue, yellow and red. The sequence however changed more than once in the past 300 years. In 1813 the duchies used yellow-red-blue. 23 December 1863 for Schwerin and 4 January 1864 for Strelitz blue-yellow-red was ordered.(Ströhl,
Deutsche Wappenrolle, Stuttgart, 1897, p. 89) Mecklenburg-Schwerin however used white instead of yellow for flags on sea by law of 24 March 1855.(Ströhl, 86)
Siebmachers Wappenbuch gives therefore (?) blue-white-red for Schwerin and blue-yellow-red for Strelitz.
Siebmachers Wappenbuch (Nurenberg, 1878)According to this source, the grand ducal house of Schwerin used a flag of 3.75 to 5.625 M with the middle arms on a white quadrant (1.75 M) in the middle.
The middle arms show the shield of Mecklenburg as arranged in the seventeenth century. The county of Schwerin in the middle and in the quartering Mecklenburg (bull's head with hide), Rostock (
griffin), principality of Schwerin (griffin and green rectangle), Ratzeburg (crown over gross), Stargard (hand holding ring) and Wenden (principality) (bull's head). The shield is held by a bull and a griffin and bears a royal crown.
The dukes of Strelitz used according to Siebmachers the blue-yellow-red flag with just the (oval) shield of Mecklenburg in the yellow band.
Ströhl in 1897 and Bulgaria,
Berühmte Fahnen Deutscher Geschichte (Dresden, 1922) show another arrangement: The grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin flows a flag (4:5) with the arms of the figures from the shield of arms.
The former Schwerin standard with the white quadrant is now ascribed to the grand dukes of Strelitz.Ströhl mentions a flag for the grand ducal house by law of 23 December 1863 with the middle arms in the yellow band. And he mentions a special sea flag, the same but with a white middle band.'Berühmte Fahnen' shows furthermore a standard for grand duchess Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, princess of
Hannover (1882-1963), showing her shield and that of Mecklenburg joined by the order of the
Wendic Crown in a white oval. On sea the yellow band in her flag was of cause white.The princes (dukes) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin had according to this source their own standard, showing the griffin of Rostock.
Notable Mecklenburgers
- Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian army leader
- Jan Ullrich, cyclist
- Gottlob Frege, logician
- Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Müller, Australian botanist
- Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer
- Heinrich Schliemann, classical archaeologist
- Johannes Gillhoff, teacher, author of book on Mecklenburg emigrants to the USA
- Daniel Eggers, nationalist folk-singer
- Fritz Reuter, poet and novelist
- Ludwig Jacoby, (1913-1874), born in Altstrelitz, a Moravian Church clergyman, missionary to St. Louis, Missouri, and author.
References
See also
- Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
- Mecklenburg County, Virginia
External links
- Government portal of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
- Map of Mecklenburg in 1871
- Map of Mecklenburg in 1789